Is there a way to launch local apps from SharePoint?

Thanks! That worked for launching Teams. For the rest of the apps I just included a link to the online versions of the apps.

Thanks! That worked! 

Microsoft has documentation on how URI schemes work for Word, PowerPoint, Excel, Visio, Access, Projects, and Publisher here: https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/office/client-developer/office-uri-schemes

It appears that most of the Office Desktop application require a specific document to be associated with the URI command. I would suggest linking your URI address to a blank template (not a blank document) so that you can simulate opening the application like you normally would.

You will need to have blank templates of each document type stored in a library on SharePoint that everyone who will use these links will have access to. If you want to launch Word you would link your icon to: 

word:nft|u|https://example.sharepoint.com/officetemplates/word.dot 

The 'nft' tells Word that you want to create a new document from the template you link to. Unfortunatley it looks like Teams is the only Office Application that doesn't require you to also include a document path in your command address. Just don't forget to actually place the blank templates for each of the applications you want to use and make sure that they have the correct template file extension on the end of it and aren't just plain blank documents or you'll have a bunch of people opening the same document every time. I hope this helps!